Python math Module: Detailed Overview and Examples

The Python math module provides a wide range of mathematical functions and constants. It is part of the standard library, which means it is included with Python and does not require any additional installation. This module is ideal for performing mathematical operations and computations efficiently.

Importing the math Module

To use the functions and constants in the math module, you first need to import it:

import math

Constants

math.pi

Represents the mathematical constant π (pi), which is approximately 3.14159.

Example

import math

print(math.pi)  # Output: 3.141592653589793

math.e

Represents the mathematical constant e, which is approximately 2.71828.

Example

import math

print(math.e)  # Output: 2.718281828459045

math.inf

Represents positive infinity.

Example

import math

print(math.inf)  # Output: inf

math.nan

Represents a "Not-a-Number" value.

Example

import math

print(math.nan)  # Output: nan

Mathematical Functions

math.sqrt(x)

Returns the square root of x.

Example

import math

print(math.sqrt(16))  # Output: 4.0

math.pow(x, y)

Returns x raised to the power of y.

Example

import math

print(math.pow(2, 3))  # Output: 8.0

math.exp(x)

Returns e raised to the power of x.

Example

import math

print(math.exp(2))  # Output: 7.38905609893065

math.log(x[, base])

Returns the logarithm of x to the given base. If the base is not specified, it returns the natural logarithm (base e).

Example

import math

print(math.log(100))  # Output: 4.605170185988092
print(math.log(100, 10))  # Output: 2.0

math.log10(x)

Returns the base-10 logarithm of x.

Example

import math

print(math.log10(100))  # Output: 2.0

math.sin(x)

Returns the sine of x radians.

Example

import math

print(math.sin(math.pi / 2))  # Output: 1.0

math.cos(x)

Returns the cosine of x radians.

Example

import math

print(math.cos(math.pi))  # Output: -1.0

math.tan(x)

Returns the tangent of x radians.

Example

import math

print(math.tan(math.pi / 4))  # Output: 0.9999999999999999

math.factorial(x)

Returns the factorial of x, where x must be a non-negative integer.

Example

import math

print(math.factorial(5))  # Output: 120

math.gcd(x, y)

Returns the greatest common divisor of x and y.

Example

import math

print(math.gcd(48, 18))  # Output: 6

math.degrees(x)

Converts angle x from radians to degrees.

Example

import math

print(math.degrees(math.pi))  # Output: 180.0

math.radians(x)

Converts angle x from degrees to radians.

Example

import math

print(math.radians(180))  # Output: 3.141592653589793

Trigonometric Functions

math.asin(x)

Returns the arc sine of x in radians.

Example

import math

print(math.asin(1))  # Output: 1.5707963267948966

math.acos(x)

Returns the arc cosine of x in radians.

Example

import math

print(math.acos(0))  # Output: 1.5707963267948966

math.atan(x)

Returns the arc tangent of x in radians.

Example

import math

print(math.atan(1))  # Output: 0.7853981633974483

math.atan2(y, x)

Returns the arc tangent of y/x in radians, with consideration of the sign of both arguments.

Example

import math

print(math.atan2(1, 1))  # Output: 0.7853981633974483

Hyperbolic Functions

math.sinh(x)

Returns the hyperbolic sine of x.

Example

import math

print(math.sinh(1))  # Output: 1.1752011936438014

math.cosh(x)

Returns the hyperbolic cosine of x.

Example

import math

print(math.cosh(1))  # Output: 1.5430806348152437

math.tanh(x)

Returns the hyperbolic tangent of x.

Example

import math

print(math.tanh(1))  # Output: 0.7615941559557649

Conclusion

The Python math module provides a comprehensive set of functions and constants for performing mathematical operations. Whether you need basic arithmetic, advanced functions, or special mathematical constants, the math module is a valuable tool for handling numerical computations and mathematical tasks efficiently. By leveraging these functions, you can perform complex calculations and process mathematical data with ease.